Guidelines for auditing permission vulnerabilities, enforcing least privilege, securing IPC boundaries, and handling runtime permissions across the Android ecosystem. Glossary - Runtime Permission: Dangerous permission (e.g., Camera, Location) that must be granted by the user at runtime on Android 6.0+ (API 23+). - Custom Permission: A permission defined by an app ( ) to restrict access to its exported components. - Protection Level: Attribute defining how the OS grants the permission ( , , , ). - knownSigner: Protection flag (API 31+) granting signature-level access to partner apps matching…