aws-lambda-typescript-integration

AWS Lambda TypeScript Integration Patterns for creating high-performance AWS Lambda functions in TypeScript with optimized cold starts. Overview Two approaches for TypeScript Lambda: 1. NestJS Framework - Dependency injection, modular architecture, larger bundle (100KB+) 2. Raw TypeScript - Minimal overhead, smaller bundle (<50KB), maximum control Both support API Gateway and ALB integration. When to Use - Creating new Lambda functions in TypeScript - Optimizing cold start performance - Choosing between NestJS and minimal TypeScript - Configuring API Gateway or ALB integration - Setting up CI…

: 'ts-jest',\n },\n collectCoverageFrom: [\n 'src/**/*.ts',\n '!src/**/*.d.ts',\n '!src/handlers/*.ts',\n ],\n coverageThreshold: {\n global: {\n branches: 80,\n functions: 80,\n lines: 80,\n statements: 80,\n },\n },\n moduleNameMapper: {\n '^@/(.*)

Important: agents should read /llm.txt, /llms.txt, or /.well-known/skills.json to discover the public Skillopedia API.

: '\u003crootDir>/src/$1',\n },\n};\n```\n\n### Handler Unit Test\n\n```typescript\n// tests/handlers/api.handler.test.ts\nimport { APIGatewayProxyEvent, Context } from 'aws-lambda';\nimport { handler } from '../../src/handlers/api.handler';\n\nconst mockContext: Partial\u003cContext> = {\n awsRequestId: 'test-request-id',\n functionName: 'test-function',\n memoryLimitInMB: '256',\n invokedFunctionArn: 'arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789:function:test',\n getRemainingTimeInMillis: () => 30000,\n};\n\ndescribe('API Handler', () => {\n beforeEach(() => {\n jest.clearAllMocks();\n });\n\n it('should return 200 for health check', async () => {\n const event: Partial\u003cAPIGatewayProxyEvent> = {\n httpMethod: 'GET',\n path: '/health',\n headers: {},\n queryStringParameters: null,\n body: null,\n };\n\n const result = await handler(event as APIGatewayProxyEvent, mockContext as Context);\n\n expect(result.statusCode).toBe(200);\n const body = JSON.parse(result.body);\n expect(body.status).toBe('ok');\n });\n\n it('should return 404 for unknown routes', async () => {\n const event: Partial\u003cAPIGatewayProxyEvent> = {\n httpMethod: 'GET',\n path: '/unknown',\n headers: {},\n };\n\n const result = await handler(event as APIGatewayProxyEvent, mockContext as Context);\n\n expect(result.statusCode).toBe(404);\n });\n\n it('should return 400 for missing user ID', async () => {\n const event: Partial\u003cAPIGatewayProxyEvent> = {\n httpMethod: 'GET',\n path: '/users/{id}',\n pathParameters: {},\n headers: {},\n };\n\n const result = await handler(event as APIGatewayProxyEvent, mockContext as Context);\n\n expect(result.statusCode).toBe(400);\n });\n\n it('should return 400 for invalid JSON body', async () => {\n const event: Partial\u003cAPIGatewayProxyEvent> = {\n httpMethod: 'POST',\n path: '/users',\n body: 'invalid json',\n headers: {},\n };\n\n const result = await handler(event as APIGatewayProxyEvent, mockContext as Context);\n\n expect(result.statusCode).toBe(400);\n });\n});\n```\n\n### Service Test with Mocks\n\n```typescript\n// tests/services/user.service.test.ts\nimport { UserService } from '../../src/services/user.service';\nimport { IUserRepository } from '../../src/config/container';\n\nconst mockRepository: jest.Mocked\u003cIUserRepository> = {\n findById: jest.fn(),\n save: jest.fn(),\n delete: jest.fn(),\n};\n\ndescribe('UserService', () => {\n let service: UserService;\n\n beforeEach(() => {\n service = new UserService(mockRepository);\n jest.clearAllMocks();\n });\n\n describe('findById', () => {\n it('should return user when found', async () => {\n const user = { id: '123', name: 'John', email: '[email protected]' };\n mockRepository.findById.mockResolvedValue(user);\n\n const result = await service.findById('123');\n\n expect(result).toEqual(user);\n expect(mockRepository.findById).toHaveBeenCalledWith('123');\n });\n\n it('should return null when user not found', async () => {\n mockRepository.findById.mockResolvedValue(null);\n\n const result = await service.findById('999');\n\n expect(result).toBeNull();\n });\n });\n\n describe('create', () => {\n it('should create and return user', async () => {\n const input = { name: 'John', email: '[email protected]' };\n const created = { id: '123', ...input };\n mockRepository.save.mockResolvedValue(created);\n\n const result = await service.create(input);\n\n expect(result).toEqual(created);\n expect(mockRepository.save).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining(input));\n });\n });\n});\n```\n\n---\n\n## Deployment\n\n### Serverless Framework\n\n```yaml\n# serverless.yml\nservice: raw-ts-lambda\n\nprovider:\n name: aws\n runtime: nodejs20.x\n stage: ${opt:stage, 'dev'}\n region: ${opt:region, 'us-east-1'}\n memorySize: 256\n timeout: 10\n environment:\n NODE_OPTIONS: '--enable-source-maps'\n STAGE: ${self:provider.stage}\n\n iam:\n role:\n statements:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - logs:CreateLogGroup\n - logs:CreateLogStream\n - logs:PutLogEvents\n Resource:\n - !Sub 'arn:aws:logs:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:log-group:/aws/lambda/${self:service}-*'\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - dynamodb:GetItem\n - dynamodb:PutItem\n - dynamodb:UpdateItem\n - dynamodb:DeleteItem\n - dynamodb:Query\n - dynamodb:Scan\n Resource:\n - !GetAtt UsersTable.Arn\n\nplugins:\n - serverless-esbuild\n\ncustom:\n esbuild:\n bundle: true\n minify: ${self:custom.isProduction}\n sourcemap: true\n target: node20\n platform: node\n format: esm\n splitting: true\n entryPoints:\n - src/handlers/api.handler.ts\n - src/handlers/s3.handler.ts\n - src/handlers/sqs.handler.ts\n external:\n - aws-sdk\n\n isProduction: !Equals ['${self:provider.stage}', 'prod']\n\nfunctions:\n api:\n handler: dist/api.handler\n events:\n - http:\n path: /{proxy+}\n method: ANY\n cors: true\n\n s3Processor:\n handler: dist/s3.handler\n events:\n - s3:\n bucket: ${self:service}-input-${self:provider.stage}\n event: s3:ObjectCreated:*\n\n sqsProcessor:\n handler: dist/sqs.handler\n events:\n - sqs:\n arn:\n Fn::GetAtt:\n - ProcessingQueue\n - Arn\n batchSize: 10\n functionResponseType: ReportBatchItemFailures\n\nresources:\n Resources:\n UsersTable:\n Type: AWS::DynamoDB::Table\n Properties:\n TableName: ${self:service}-users-${self:provider.stage}\n BillingMode: PAY_PER_REQUEST\n AttributeDefinitions:\n - AttributeName: id\n AttributeType: S\n KeySchema:\n - AttributeName: id\n KeyType: HASH\n\n ProcessingQueue:\n Type: AWS::SQS::Queue\n Properties:\n QueueName: ${self:service}-processing-${self:provider.stage}\n VisibilityTimeout: 60\n```\n\n---\n\n## Best Practices Summary\n\n1. **Use static/module-level caching** for AWS clients and connections\n2. **Implement lazy loading** for expensive resources\n3. **Keep dependencies minimal** - only include what you need\n4. **Use esbuild** for fast bundling and smaller package size\n5. **Implement proper error handling** with structured responses\n6. **Use TypeScript strict mode** for better type safety\n7. **Write unit tests** with mocked dependencies\n8. **Use environment variables** for configuration\n9. **Enable source maps** for easier debugging\n10. **Monitor cold starts** and optimize initialization code\n\n## Cold Start Benchmarks\n\n| Configuration | Cold Start | Warm Start | Memory |\n|--------------|------------|------------|--------|\n| Minimal (no deps) | ~50ms | ~2ms | 128MB |\n| With DynamoDB client | ~150ms | ~5ms | 256MB |\n| With full AWS SDK | ~300ms | ~10ms | 512MB |\n\n## When to Use Raw TypeScript vs NestJS\n\n### Use Raw TypeScript when:\n- Maximum performance is critical\n- Minimal cold start is required\n- Simple handlers with minimal logic\n- Small team with no framework experience\n- Cost optimization is priority\n\n### Use NestJS when:\n- Complex application architecture\n- Team familiar with NestJS\n- Need dependency injection container\n- Multiple modules and services\n- Enterprise-grade requirements\n","content_type":"text/markdown; charset=utf-8","language":"markdown","size":27804,"content_sha256":"c2fffb807b478c607f57ef979b34f647d8244245115702e1db8c77d65de3aea9"},{"filename":"references/serverless-config.md","content":"# Serverless Configuration Reference\n\nComplete reference for deploying NestJS Lambda applications using Serverless Framework and AWS SAM.\n\n## Serverless Framework\n\n### Basic Configuration\n\n```yaml\nservice: nestjs-lambda-api\n\nprovider:\n name: aws\n runtime: nodejs20.x\n region: ${opt:region, 'us-east-1'}\n stage: ${opt:stage, 'dev'}\n memorySize: 512\n timeout: 29\n environment:\n NODE_ENV: production\n DATABASE_URL: ${ssm:/${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/database-url}\n JWT_SECRET: ${ssm:/${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/jwt-secret}\n iam:\n role:\n statements:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - logs:CreateLogGroup\n - logs:CreateLogStream\n - logs:PutLogEvents\n Resource:\n - !Sub 'arn:aws:logs:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:log-group:/aws/lambda/${self:service}-*'\n\npackage:\n individually: false\n patterns:\n - '!node_modules/**'\n - '!test/**'\n - '!.git/**'\n - 'dist/**'\n - '!dist/tsconfig.build.tsbuildinfo'\n\ncustom:\n esbuild:\n bundle: true\n minify: true\n target: node20\n platform: node\n external:\n - '@nestjs/microservices'\n - '@nestjs/websockets'\n - 'class-transformer/storage'\n\nfunctions:\n api:\n handler: dist/lambda.handler\n events:\n - http:\n path: /{proxy+}\n method: ANY\n cors: true\n - http:\n path: /\n method: ANY\n cors: true\n provisionedConcurrency: ${self:custom.provisionedConcurrency.${self:provider.stage}, 0}\n\ncustom:\n provisionedConcurrency:\n prod: 5\n dev: 0\n\nplugins:\n - serverless-esbuild\n - serverless-offline\n```\n\n### Commands\n\n```bash\n# Deploy\nserverless deploy\nserverless deploy --stage prod --region eu-west-1\n\n# Local development\nserverless offline\n\n# Logs\nserverless logs -f api -t\n\n# Remove\nserverless remove\n```\n\n## AWS SAM\n\n### Basic Template\n\n```yaml\nAWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'\nTransform: AWS::Serverless-2016-10-31\nDescription: NestJS Lambda API\n\nGlobals:\n Function:\n Timeout: 29\n MemorySize: 512\n Runtime: nodejs20.x\n Architectures:\n - x86_64\n\nParameters:\n Environment:\n Type: String\n Default: dev\n AllowedValues:\n - dev\n - staging\n - prod\n\nResources:\n NestJSApiFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n FunctionName: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}-api'\n Handler: dist/lambda.handler\n CodeUri: ./\n Environment:\n Variables:\n NODE_ENV: !Ref Environment\n DATABASE_URL: !Sub '{{resolve:ssm-secure:/${AWS::StackName}/database-url}}'\n Events:\n ApiGatewayRoot:\n Type: Api\n Properties:\n Path: /\n Method: ANY\n RestApiId: !Ref ApiGatewayApi\n ApiGatewayProxy:\n Type: Api\n Properties:\n Path: /{proxy+}\n Method: ANY\n RestApiId: !Ref ApiGatewayApi\n Policies:\n - AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole\n\n ApiGatewayApi:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Api\n Properties:\n StageName: !Ref Environment\n Cors:\n AllowMethods: \"'GET,POST,PUT,DELETE,OPTIONS'\"\n AllowHeaders: \"'Content-Type,Authorization'\"\n AllowOrigin: !Sub \"'${AllowedOrigins}'\"\n\nOutputs:\n ApiUrl:\n Description: API Gateway endpoint URL\n Value: !Sub 'https://${ApiGatewayApi}.execute-api.${AWS::Region}.amazonaws.com/${Environment}/'\n```\n\n### Commands\n\n```bash\n# Build\nsam build\n\n# Local development\nsam local start-api --warm-containers EAGER\n\n# Deploy\nsam deploy --guided\nsam deploy --config-env prod\n\n# Logs\nsam logs -n NestJSApiFunction --tail\n\n# Delete\nsam delete\n```\n\n## Comparison\n\n| Feature | SAM | Serverless Framework |\n|---------|-----|---------------------|\n| Native AWS | Yes | No (uses CloudFormation) |\n| Local testing | `sam local` | `serverless-offline` |\n| CI/CD integration | AWS-native | Multi-cloud support |\n| Syntax | YAML/JSON | YAML/TypeScript/JavaScript |\n| Plugins | SAR, nested stacks | Rich plugin ecosystem |\n\n## When to Choose\n\n**Choose SAM when:**\n- Native AWS environment\n- Team familiar with CloudFormation\n- Deep AWS service integration needed\n- AWS CodePipeline/CodeBuild usage\n\n**Choose Serverless Framework when:**\n- Multi-cloud requirements\n- Large plugin ecosystem needed\n- Prefer TypeScript/JavaScript config\n- Easier local development preferred\n","content_type":"text/markdown; charset=utf-8","language":"markdown","size":4360,"content_sha256":"abb2a10a242ff6ede6129f32479eaa084bbdb257f4e7045d20bf0fa4167d09bd"},{"filename":"references/serverless-deployment.md","content":"# Deployment Strategies for NestJS Lambda\n\n## Overview\n\nThis reference covers deployment strategies, CI/CD pipelines, and optimization techniques for NestJS Lambda applications using AWS SAM and Serverless Framework.\n\n## AWS SAM (Serverless Application Model)\n\n### Installation\n\n```bash\n# macOS\nbrew tap aws/tap\nbrew install aws-sam-cli\n\n# Linux\nwget https://github.com/aws/aws-sam-cli/releases/latest/download/aws-sam-cli-linux-x86_64.zip\nunzip aws-sam-cli-linux-x86_64.zip -d sam-installation\nsudo ./sam-installation/install\n\n# Verify installation\nsam --version\n```\n\n### Project Structure\n\n```\nmy-nestjs-lambda/\n├── src/ # NestJS source code\n├── dist/ # Compiled output\n├── template.yaml # SAM template\n├── samconfig.toml # SAM configuration\n├── lambda.ts # Lambda entry point\n├── package.json\n└── tsconfig.json\n```\n\n### SAM Template Reference\n\n```yaml\nAWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'\nTransform: AWS::Serverless-2016-10-31\nDescription: NestJS Lambda Application\n\nGlobals:\n Function:\n Timeout: 29\n MemorySize: 512\n Runtime: nodejs20.x\n Architectures:\n - x86_64\n Environment:\n Variables:\n NODE_ENV: production\n LOG_LEVEL: info\n Tags:\n Application: NestJS API\n Environment: !Ref Environment\n\nParameters:\n Environment:\n Type: String\n Default: dev\n AllowedValues:\n - dev\n - staging\n - prod\n Description: Deployment environment\n\n DatabaseUrl:\n Type: String\n NoEcho: true\n Description: Database connection string\n\n AllowedOrigins:\n Type: String\n Default: \"\"\n Description: Comma-separated list of allowed CORS origins (leave empty to disable CORS)\n\nConditions:\n IsProduction: !Equals [!Ref Environment, prod]\n\nResources:\n # API Gateway\n ApiGatewayApi:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Api\n Properties:\n StageName: !Ref Environment\n Cors:\n AllowMethods: \"'GET,POST,PUT,DELETE,OPTIONS'\"\n AllowHeaders: \"'Content-Type,X-Amz-Date,Authorization,X-Api-Key,X-Amz-Security-Token'\"\n AllowOrigin: !Sub \"'${AllowedOrigins}'\"\n MaxAge: \"'600'\"\n Auth:\n DefaultAuthorizer: CognitoAuthorizer\n Authorizers:\n CognitoAuthorizer:\n UserPoolArn: !GetAtt UserPool.Arn\n Identity:\n Header: Authorization\n ValidationExpression: ^Bearer [-0-9a-zA-Z\\._]*$\n\n # Lambda Function\n NestJSApiFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n FunctionName: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}-api'\n Handler: dist/lambda.handler\n CodeUri: ./\n Description: NestJS API Lambda function\n Role: !GetAtt LambdaExecutionRole.Arn\n Environment:\n Variables:\n DATABASE_URL: !Ref DatabaseUrl\n JWT_SECRET: !Sub '{{resolve:secretsmanager:${JWTSecret}:SecretString:jwt}}'\n COGNITO_USER_POOL_ID: !Ref UserPool\n COGNITO_CLIENT_ID: !Ref UserPoolClient\n Events:\n ApiRoot:\n Type: Api\n Properties:\n RestApiId: !Ref ApiGatewayApi\n Path: /\n Method: ANY\n ApiProxy:\n Type: Api\n Properties:\n RestApiId: !Ref ApiGatewayApi\n Path: /{proxy+}\n Method: ANY\n ProvisionedConcurrencyConfig:\n ProvisionedConcurrentExecutions: !If [IsProduction, 5, 0]\n AutoPublishAlias: live\n DeploymentPreference:\n Type: Canary10Percent5Minutes\n Alarms:\n - !Ref ErrorAlarm\n - !Ref LatencyAlarm\n Hooks:\n PreTraffic: !Ref PreTrafficHookFunction\n PostTraffic: !Ref PostTrafficHookFunction\n\n # Lambda Execution Role\n LambdaExecutionRole:\n Type: AWS::IAM::Role\n Properties:\n AssumeRolePolicyDocument:\n Version: '2012-10-17'\n Statement:\n - Effect: Allow\n Principal:\n Service: lambda.amazonaws.com\n Action: sts:AssumeRole\n ManagedPolicyArns:\n - arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AWSLambdaVPCAccessExecutionRole\n Policies:\n - PolicyName: CloudWatchLogsPolicy\n PolicyDocument:\n Version: '2012-10-17'\n Statement:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - logs:CreateLogGroup\n - logs:CreateLogStream\n - logs:PutLogEvents\n - logs:DescribeLogStreams\n Resource: !Sub 'arn:aws:logs:${AWS::Region}:${AWS::AccountId}:log-group:/aws/lambda/*'\n\n - PolicyName: SecretsManagerPolicy\n PolicyDocument:\n Version: '2012-10-17'\n Statement:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - secretsmanager:GetSecretValue\n Resource: !Ref JWTSecret\n\n - PolicyName: DynamoDBPolicy\n PolicyDocument:\n Version: '2012-10-17'\n Statement:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - dynamodb:GetItem\n - dynamodb:PutItem\n - dynamodb:UpdateItem\n - dynamodb:DeleteItem\n - dynamodb:Query\n - dynamodb:Scan\n Resource: !GetAtt DynamoDBTable.Arn\n\n - PolicyName: S3Policy\n PolicyDocument:\n Version: '2012-10-17'\n Statement:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - s3:GetObject\n - s3:PutObject\n - s3:DeleteObject\n Resource: !Sub '${S3Bucket.Arn}/*'\n\n # VPC Configuration for RDS access\n LambdaSecurityGroup:\n Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup\n Properties:\n GroupDescription: Security group for Lambda functions\n VpcId: !Ref VPC\n SecurityGroupIngress: []\n SecurityGroupEgress:\n - IpProtocol: tcp\n FromPort: 443\n ToPort: 443\n CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0\n - IpProtocol: tcp\n FromPort: 5432\n ToPort: 5432\n CidrIp: !Ref VPCCidr\n\n # DynamoDB Table\n DynamoDBTable:\n Type: AWS::DynamoDB::Table\n Properties:\n TableName: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}-data'\n BillingMode: PAY_PER_REQUEST\n AttributeDefinitions:\n - AttributeName: PK\n AttributeType: S\n - AttributeName: SK\n AttributeType: S\n - AttributeName: GSI1PK\n AttributeType: S\n - AttributeName: GSI1SK\n AttributeType: S\n KeySchema:\n - AttributeName: PK\n KeyType: HASH\n - AttributeName: SK\n KeyType: RANGE\n GlobalSecondaryIndexes:\n - IndexName: GSI1\n KeySchema:\n - AttributeName: GSI1PK\n KeyType: HASH\n - AttributeName: GSI1SK\n KeyType: RANGE\n Projection:\n ProjectionType: ALL\n StreamSpecification:\n StreamViewType: NEW_AND_OLD_IMAGES\n PointInTimeRecoverySpecification:\n PointInTimeRecoveryEnabled: !If [IsProduction, true, false]\n\n # S3 Bucket\n S3Bucket:\n Type: AWS::S3::Bucket\n Properties:\n BucketName: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}-assets-${AWS::AccountId}'\n PublicAccessBlockConfiguration:\n BlockPublicAcls: true\n BlockPublicPolicy: true\n IgnorePublicAcls: true\n RestrictPublicBuckets: true\n BucketEncryption:\n ServerSideEncryptionConfiguration:\n - ServerSideEncryptionByDefault:\n SSEAlgorithm: AES256\n LifecycleConfiguration:\n Rules:\n - Id: ExpireOldVersions\n Status: Enabled\n NoncurrentVersionExpirationInDays: 30\n\n # Secrets Manager\n JWTSecret:\n Type: AWS::SecretsManager::Secret\n Properties:\n Name: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}/jwt-secret'\n Description: JWT signing secret\n GenerateSecretString:\n SecretStringTemplate: '{\"jwt\":\"\"}'\n GenerateStringKey: jwt\n PasswordLength: 32\n ExcludeCharacters: '\"@/\\'\n\n # CloudWatch Alarms\n ErrorAlarm:\n Type: AWS::CloudWatch::Alarm\n Properties:\n AlarmName: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}-errors'\n AlarmDescription: Lambda error rate alarm\n MetricName: Errors\n Namespace: AWS/Lambda\n Statistic: Sum\n Period: 60\n EvaluationPeriods: 1\n Threshold: 1\n ComparisonOperator: GreaterThanOrEqualToThreshold\n Dimensions:\n - Name: FunctionName\n Value: !Ref NestJSApiFunction\n\n LatencyAlarm:\n Type: AWS::CloudWatch::Alarm\n Properties:\n AlarmName: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}-latency'\n AlarmDescription: Lambda duration alarm\n MetricName: Duration\n Namespace: AWS/Lambda\n Statistic: p99\n Period: 60\n EvaluationPeriods: 2\n Threshold: 5000\n ComparisonOperator: GreaterThanThreshold\n Dimensions:\n - Name: FunctionName\n Value: !Ref NestJSApiFunction\n\n # CloudWatch Log Group\n LambdaLogGroup:\n Type: AWS::Logs::LogGroup\n Properties:\n LogGroupName: !Sub '/aws/lambda/${NestJSApiFunction}'\n RetentionInDays: !If [IsProduction, 30, 7]\n\nOutputs:\n ApiUrl:\n Description: API Gateway endpoint URL\n Value: !Sub 'https://${ApiGatewayApi}.execute-api.${AWS::Region}.amazonaws.com/${Environment}/'\n Export:\n Name: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}-api-url'\n\n FunctionArn:\n Description: Lambda function ARN\n Value: !GetAtt NestJSApiFunction.Arn\n Export:\n Name: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}-function-arn'\n```\n\n### SAM Configuration (samconfig.toml)\n\n```toml\nversion = 0.1\n\n[default]\n[default.global.parameters]\nstack_name = \"nestjs-lambda-api\"\n\n[default.build.parameters]\ncached = true\nparallel = true\n\n[default.validate.parameters]\nlint = true\n\n[default.deploy.parameters]\ncapabilities = \"CAPABILITY_IAM CAPABILITY_AUTO_EXPAND\"\nconfirm_changeset = true\nresolve_s3 = true\ns3_prefix = \"nestjs-lambda-api\"\nregion = \"us-east-1\"\nimage_repositories = []\nparameter_overrides = [\n \"Environment=dev\"\n]\n\n[default.deploy.parameters.globals]\n[default.deploy.parameters.globals.parameters]\nparallel = true\n\n[dev.deploy.parameters]\nstack_name = \"nestjs-lambda-api-dev\"\nparameter_overrides = [\n \"Environment=dev\",\n \"DatabaseUrl=postgres://...\"\n]\n\n[staging.deploy.parameters]\nstack_name = \"nestjs-lambda-api-staging\"\nparameter_overrides = [\n \"Environment=staging\",\n \"DatabaseUrl=postgres://...\"\n]\n\n[prod.deploy.parameters]\nstack_name = \"nestjs-lambda-api-prod\"\nparameter_overrides = [\n \"Environment=prod\",\n \"DatabaseUrl=postgres://...\"\n]\n\n[default.sync.parameters]\nwatch = true\n\n[default.local_start_api.parameters]\nwarm_containers = \"EAGER\"\n\n[default.local_start_lambda.parameters]\nwarm_containers = \"EAGER\"\n```\n\n### SAM Commands\n\n```bash\n# Initialize SAM project\nsam init --runtime nodejs20.x --dependency-manager npm --app-template hello-world\n\n# Validate template\nsam validate --lint\n\n# Build application\nsam build\n\n# Local development\nsam local invoke NestJSApiFunction -e events/api-event.json\nsam local start-api --warm-containers EAGER\n\n# Deploy\nsam deploy --guided\nsam deploy --config-env prod\n\n# Sync (for development)\nsam sync --watch\n\n# Logs\nsam logs -n NestJSApiFunction --tail\n\n# Delete stack\nsam delete\n```\n\n### SAM Policy Templates\n\n```yaml\n# Inline policy for specific AWS services\nPolicies:\n - S3ReadPolicy:\n BucketName: !Ref S3Bucket\n - S3WritePolicy:\n BucketName: !Ref S3Bucket\n - DynamoDBReadPolicy:\n TableName: !Ref DynamoDBTable\n - DynamoDBCrudPolicy:\n TableName: !Ref DynamoDBTable\n - SESBulkTemplatedCrudPolicy:\n IdentityName: !Ref SESIdentity\n - SQSSendMessagePolicy:\n QueueName: !GetAtt SQSQueue.QueueName\n - SNSPublishMessagePolicy:\n TopicName: !GetAtt SNSTopic.TopicName\n - CloudWatchPutMetricPolicy: {}\n - VPCAccessPolicy: {}\n```\n\n## Serverless Framework\n\n### Installation\n\n```bash\n# Install Serverless Framework\nnpm install -g serverless\n\n# Or use npx\nnpx serverless\n\n# Verify installation\nserverless --version\n```\n\n### Project Structure\n\n```\nmy-nestjs-lambda/\n├── src/ # NestJS source code\n├── dist/ # Compiled output\n├── serverless.yml # Serverless configuration\n├── serverless.ts # TypeScript config (optional)\n├── lambda.ts # Lambda entry point\n├── package.json\n└── webpack.config.js\n```\n\n### Serverless Configuration Reference\n\n```yaml\nservice: nestjs-lambda-api\n\nframeworkVersion: '3'\n\nprovider:\n name: aws\n runtime: nodejs20.x\n stage: ${opt:stage, 'dev'}\n region: ${opt:region, 'us-east-1'}\n memorySize: 512\n timeout: 29\n logRetentionInDays: 14\n versionFunctions: true\n\n # Environment variables\n environment:\n NODE_ENV: production\n STAGE: ${self:provider.stage}\n SERVICE_NAME: ${self:service}\n DATABASE_URL: ${ssm:/${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/database-url}\n JWT_SECRET: ${ssm:/${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/jwt-secret~true}\n SENTRY_DSN: ${ssm:/${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/sentry-dsn~true}\n\n # IAM role statements\n iam:\n role:\n name: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-lambda-role\n statements:\n # CloudWatch Logs\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - logs:CreateLogGroup\n - logs:CreateLogStream\n - logs:PutLogEvents\n Resource:\n - 'arn:aws:logs:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:log-group:/aws/lambda/*:*:*'\n\n # X-Ray Tracing\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - xray:PutTraceSegments\n - xray:PutTelemetryRecords\n Resource:\n - !Sub 'arn:aws:xray:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:*'\n\n # SSM Parameter Store\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - ssm:GetParameter\n - ssm:GetParameters\n Resource:\n - 'arn:aws:ssm:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:parameter/${self:service}/*'\n\n # DynamoDB\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - dynamodb:GetItem\n - dynamodb:PutItem\n - dynamodb:UpdateItem\n - dynamodb:DeleteItem\n - dynamodb:Query\n - dynamodb:Scan\n - dynamodb:BatchGetItem\n - dynamodb:BatchWriteItem\n Resource:\n - !GetAtt DynamoDBTable.Arn\n - !Sub '${DynamoDBTable.Arn}/index/*'\n\n # S3\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - s3:GetObject\n - s3:PutObject\n - s3:DeleteObject\n - s3:ListBucket\n Resource:\n - !GetAtt S3Bucket.Arn\n - !Sub '${S3Bucket.Arn}/*'\n\n # SQS\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - sqs:SendMessage\n - sqs:SendMessageBatch\n - sqs:ReceiveMessage\n - sqs:DeleteMessage\n - sqs:GetQueueAttributes\n Resource:\n - !GetAtt SQSQueue.Arn\n\n # SNS\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - sns:Publish\n Resource:\n - !Ref SNSTopic\n\n # SES\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - ses:SendEmail\n - ses:SendRawEmail\n - ses:SendTemplatedEmail\n Resource:\n - !Sub 'arn:aws:ses:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:identity/${self:custom.email.from}'\n Condition:\n StringEquals:\n ses:FromAddress: ${self:custom.email.from}\n\n # Secrets Manager\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - secretsmanager:GetSecretValue\n Resource:\n - 'arn:aws:secretsmanager:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:secret:${self:service}/*'\n\n # VPC configuration\n vpc:\n securityGroupIds:\n - !Ref LambdaSecurityGroup\n subnetIds:\n - !Ref PrivateSubnet1\n - !Ref PrivateSubnet2\n\n # API Gateway\n apiGateway:\n binaryMediaTypes:\n - '*/*'\n minimumCompressionSize: 1024\n\n # Tracing\n tracing:\n lambda: true\n apiGateway: true\n\n # Tags\n tags:\n Service: ${self:service}\n Stage: ${self:provider.stage}\n ManagedBy: serverless\n\n # Stack tags\n stackTags:\n Service: ${self:service}\n Stage: ${self:provider.stage}\n\nplugins:\n - serverless-esbuild\n - serverless-offline\n - serverless-plugin-aws-alerts\n - serverless-plugin-warmup\n\ncustom:\n # esbuild configuration\n esbuild:\n bundle: true\n minify: ${self:custom.isProduction}\n sourcemap: true\n target: node20\n platform: node\n format: cjs\n mainFields:\n - main\n - module\n external:\n - '@nestjs/microservices'\n - '@nestjs/websockets'\n - 'class-transformer/storage'\n - 'aws-sdk'\n keepNames: true\n splitting: false\n concurrency: 10\n packager: npm\n installExtraArgs: ['--legacy-peer-deps']\n\n # Offline configuration\n serverless-offline:\n httpPort: 3000\n host: 0.0.0.0\n lambdaPort: 3002\n noPrependStageInUrl: true\n\n # Warming configuration\n warmup:\n warmer:\n enabled: ${self:custom.isProduction}\n events:\n - schedule: rate(5 minutes)\n concurrency: 2\n\n # Alerts configuration\n alerts:\n stages:\n - prod\n dashboards: true\n topics:\n alarm:\n - !Ref AlarmTopic\n alarms:\n - functionErrors\n - functionThrottles\n - functionInvocations\n - functionDuration\n definitions:\n functionErrors:\n threshold: 1\n statistic: Sum\n period: 60\n evaluationPeriods: 1\n comparisonOperator: GreaterThanOrEqualToThreshold\n functionDuration:\n threshold: 5000\n statistic: p99\n period: 60\n evaluationPeriods: 2\n comparisonOperator: GreaterThanThreshold\n\n # Custom variables\n isProduction: !Equals ['${self:provider.stage}', 'prod']\n email:\n from: [email protected]\n\npackage:\n individually: false\n patterns:\n - '!**/*'\n - 'dist/**'\n - '!dist/**/*.map'\n - '!dist/**/*.spec.js'\n - '!dist/**/*.test.js'\n - '!dist/**/__tests__/**'\n - 'package.json'\n\nfunctions:\n api:\n name: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-api\n handler: dist/lambda.handler\n description: NestJS API Lambda function\n memorySize: 512\n timeout: 29\n reservedConcurrency: 100\n provisionedConcurrency: ${self:custom.isProduction, 0}\n environment:\n FUNCTION_NAME: api\n events:\n - http:\n path: /{proxy+}\n method: ANY\n cors:\n origin: ${self:custom.cors.origins}\n headers:\n - Content-Type\n - Authorization\n - X-Amz-Date\n - X-Api-Key\n - X-Amz-Security-Token\n - X-Amz-User-Agent\n allowCredentials: true\n - http:\n path: /\n method: ANY\n cors: true\n iamRoleStatements:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - execute-api:Invoke\n Resource:\n - !Sub 'arn:aws:execute-api:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:${ApiGatewayRestApiId}/*'\n\n worker:\n name: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-worker\n handler: dist/worker.handler\n description: Background worker Lambda\n memorySize: 256\n timeout: 900\n events:\n - sqs:\n arn:\n Fn::GetAtt:\n - SQSQueue\n - Arn\n batchSize: 10\n maximumBatchingWindowInSeconds: 5\n functionResponseType: ReportBatchItemFailures\n destinationConfig:\n onFailure:\n destination:\n Fn::GetAtt:\n - DLQ\n - Arn\n\n scheduler:\n name: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-scheduler\n handler: dist/scheduler.handler\n description: Scheduled task Lambda\n memorySize: 256\n timeout: 300\n events:\n - schedule:\n rate: rate(1 hour)\n input:\n task: cleanup\n - schedule:\n rate: cron(0 2 * * ? *)\n input:\n task: daily-report\n\nresources:\n Resources:\n # DynamoDB Table\n DynamoDBTable:\n Type: AWS::DynamoDB::Table\n Properties:\n TableName: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}\n BillingMode: PAY_PER_REQUEST\n AttributeDefinitions:\n - AttributeName: PK\n AttributeType: S\n - AttributeName: SK\n AttributeType: S\n KeySchema:\n - AttributeName: PK\n KeyType: HASH\n - AttributeName: SK\n KeyType: RANGE\n PointInTimeRecoverySpecification:\n PointInTimeRecoveryEnabled: ${self:custom.isProduction}\n SSESpecification:\n SSEEnabled: true\n Tags:\n - Key: Service\n Value: ${self:service}\n - Key: Stage\n Value: ${self:provider.stage}\n\n # S3 Bucket\n S3Bucket:\n Type: AWS::S3::Bucket\n Properties:\n BucketName: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-assets-${aws:accountId}\n PublicAccessBlockConfiguration:\n BlockPublicAcls: true\n BlockPublicPolicy: true\n IgnorePublicAcls: true\n RestrictPublicBuckets: true\n BucketEncryption:\n ServerSideEncryptionConfiguration:\n - ServerSideEncryptionByDefault:\n SSEAlgorithm: AES256\n LifecycleConfiguration:\n Rules:\n - Id: TransitionToIA\n Status: Enabled\n TransitionInDays: 30\n StorageClass: STANDARD_IA\n - Id: DeleteOldVersions\n Status: Enabled\n NoncurrentVersionExpirationInDays: 30\n\n # SQS Queue\n SQSQueue:\n Type: AWS::SQS::Queue\n Properties:\n QueueName: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-queue\n VisibilityTimeout: 960\n MessageRetentionPeriod: 1209600\n RedrivePolicy:\n deadLetterTargetArn:\n Fn::GetAtt:\n - DLQ\n - Arn\n maxReceiveCount: 3\n\n # Dead Letter Queue\n DLQ:\n Type: AWS::SQS::Queue\n Properties:\n QueueName: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-dlq\n MessageRetentionPeriod: 1209600\n\n # SNS Topic\n SNSTopic:\n Type: AWS::SNS::Topic\n Properties:\n TopicName: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-topic\n\n # Alarm Topic\n AlarmTopic:\n Type: AWS::SNS::Topic\n Properties:\n TopicName: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-alarms\n\n # Security Group\n LambdaSecurityGroup:\n Type: AWS::EC2::SecurityGroup\n Properties:\n GroupName: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-lambda-sg\n GroupDescription: Security group for Lambda functions\n VpcId:\n Ref: VPC\n SecurityGroupEgress:\n - IpProtocol: tcp\n FromPort: 443\n ToPort: 443\n CidrIp: 0.0.0.0/0\n - IpProtocol: tcp\n FromPort: 5432\n ToPort: 5432\n CidrIp:\n Ref: VPCCidr\n\n Outputs:\n ApiGatewayRestApiId:\n Value:\n Ref: ApiGatewayRestApi\n Export:\n Name: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-restApiId\n\n ApiGatewayRestApiRootResourceId:\n Value:\n Fn::GetAtt:\n - ApiGatewayRestApi\n - RootResourceId\n Export:\n Name: ${self:service}-${self:provider.stage}-rootResourceId\n```\n\n### Serverless TypeScript Configuration\n\n```typescript\n// serverless.ts\nimport type { AWS } from '@serverless/typescript';\n\nconst serverlessConfiguration: AWS = {\n service: 'nestjs-lambda-api',\n frameworkVersion: '3',\n plugins: [\n 'serverless-esbuild',\n 'serverless-offline',\n 'serverless-plugin-aws-alerts',\n ],\n provider: {\n name: 'aws',\n runtime: 'nodejs20.x',\n stage: '${opt:stage, \"dev\"}',\n region: '${opt:region, \"us-east-1\"}',\n memorySize: 512,\n timeout: 29,\n environment: {\n NODE_ENV: 'production',\n DATABASE_URL: '${ssm:/${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/database-url}',\n },\n iam: {\n role: {\n statements: [\n {\n Effect: 'Allow',\n Action: ['logs:*'],\n Resource: {\n 'Fn::Sub': 'arn:aws:logs:${AWS::Region}:${AWS::AccountId}:log-group:/aws/lambda/${self:service}-*',\n },\n },\n ],\n },\n },\n },\n functions: {\n api: {\n handler: 'dist/lambda.handler',\n events: [\n {\n http: {\n path: '/{proxy+}',\n method: 'ANY',\n cors: true,\n },\n },\n ],\n },\n },\n custom: {\n esbuild: {\n bundle: true,\n minify: true,\n target: 'node20',\n },\n },\n};\n\nmodule.exports = serverlessConfiguration;\n```\n\n### Serverless Commands\n\n```bash\n# Deploy\nserverless deploy\nserverless deploy --stage prod --region eu-west-1\nserverless deploy function -f api\n\n# Offline development\nserverless offline\nserverless offline start --reloadHandler\n\n# Logs\nserverless logs -f api -t\nserverless logs -f api --startTime 5m\n\n# Info\nserverless info\nserverless info --stage prod\n\n# Remove\nserverless remove\nserverless remove --stage dev\n\n# Print compiled config\nserverless print\n\n# Invoke function\nserverless invoke -f api -p event.json\nserverless invoke local -f api -p event.json\n\n# Metrics\nserverless metrics\nserverless metrics -f api --startTime 1h\n\n# Plugins\nserverless plugin install -n serverless-esbuild\nserverless plugin uninstall -n serverless-esbuild\nserverless plugin list\nserverless plugin search esbuild\n```\n\n## CI/CD Pipeline\n\n### GitHub Actions with SAM\n\n```yaml\n# .github/workflows/sam-deploy.yml\nname: SAM Deploy\n\non:\n push:\n branches: [main]\n pull_request:\n branches: [main]\n\nenv:\n AWS_REGION: us-east-1\n NODE_VERSION: '20'\n\njobs:\n test:\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n\n - name: Setup Node.js\n uses: actions/setup-node@v4\n with:\n node-version: ${{ env.NODE_VERSION }}\n cache: 'npm'\n\n - name: Install dependencies\n run: npm ci\n\n - name: Run tests\n run: npm test\n\n - name: Run lint\n run: npm run lint\n\n build:\n needs: test\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n\n - name: Setup SAM\n uses: aws-actions/setup-sam@v2\n\n - name: Setup Node.js\n uses: actions/setup-node@v4\n with:\n node-version: ${{ env.NODE_VERSION }}\n cache: 'npm'\n\n - name: Install dependencies\n run: npm ci\n\n - name: Build application\n run: npm run build\n\n - name: SAM Build\n run: sam build\n\n - name: Upload artifacts\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4\n with:\n name: sam-build\n path: |\n .aws-sam/\n dist/\n\n deploy-dev:\n needs: build\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n environment: development\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n\n - name: Setup SAM\n uses: aws-actions/setup-sam@v2\n\n - name: Configure AWS credentials\n uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4\n with:\n aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}\n aws-secret-access-key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}\n aws-region: ${{ env.AWS_REGION }}\n\n - name: Download artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v4\n with:\n name: sam-build\n\n - name: SAM Deploy (Dev)\n run: |\n sam deploy --config-env dev \\\n --no-confirm-changeset \\\n --no-fail-on-empty-changeset\n\n deploy-prod:\n needs: deploy-dev\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n environment: production\n if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n\n - name: Setup SAM\n uses: aws-actions/setup-sam@v2\n\n - name: Configure AWS credentials\n uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4\n with:\n aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}\n aws-secret-access-key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}\n aws-region: ${{ env.AWS_REGION }}\n\n - name: Download artifacts\n uses: actions/download-artifact@v4\n with:\n name: sam-build\n\n - name: SAM Deploy (Prod)\n run: |\n sam deploy --config-env prod \\\n --no-confirm-changeset \\\n --no-fail-on-empty-changeset\n```\n\n### GitHub Actions with Serverless Framework\n\n```yaml\n# .github/workflows/serverless-deploy.yml\nname: Serverless Deploy\n\non:\n push:\n branches: [main]\n pull_request:\n branches: [main]\n\nenv:\n AWS_REGION: us-east-1\n NODE_VERSION: '20'\n\njobs:\n test:\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n\n - name: Setup Node.js\n uses: actions/setup-node@v4\n with:\n node-version: ${{ env.NODE_VERSION }}\n cache: 'npm'\n\n - name: Install dependencies\n run: npm ci\n\n - name: Run tests\n run: npm test\n\n - name: Run lint\n run: npm run lint\n\n deploy-dev:\n needs: test\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n environment: development\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n\n - name: Setup Node.js\n uses: actions/setup-node@v4\n with:\n node-version: ${{ env.NODE_VERSION }}\n cache: 'npm'\n\n - name: Install Serverless\n run: npm install -g serverless\n\n - name: Configure AWS credentials\n uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4\n with:\n aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}\n aws-secret-access-key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}\n aws-region: ${{ env.AWS_REGION }}\n\n - name: Deploy to dev\n run: serverless deploy --stage dev\n\n deploy-prod:\n needs: deploy-dev\n runs-on: ubuntu-latest\n environment: production\n if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n\n - name: Setup Node.js\n uses: actions/setup-node@v4\n with:\n node-version: ${{ env.NODE_VERSION }}\n cache: 'npm'\n\n - name: Install Serverless\n run: npm install -g serverless\n\n - name: Configure AWS credentials\n uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4\n with:\n aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}\n aws-secret-access-key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}\n aws-region: ${{ env.AWS_REGION }}\n\n - name: Deploy to production\n run: serverless deploy --stage prod\n```\n\n## Build Optimization\n\n### Webpack Configuration\n\n```javascript\n// webpack.config.js\nconst path = require('path');\nconst nodeExternals = require('webpack-node-externals');\nconst TerserPlugin = require('terser-webpack-plugin');\nconst { IgnorePlugin } = require('webpack');\n\nmodule.exports = {\n entry: './lambda.ts',\n target: 'node',\n mode: 'production',\n externals: [nodeExternals()],\n module: {\n rules: [\n {\n test: /\\.ts$/,\n use: {\n loader: 'ts-loader',\n options: {\n transpileOnly: true,\n experimentalWatchApi: true,\n },\n },\n exclude: /node_modules/,\n },\n ],\n },\n resolve: {\n extensions: ['.ts', '.js'],\n alias: {\n '@': path.resolve(__dirname, 'src'),\n },\n },\n output: {\n filename: 'lambda.js',\n path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'dist'),\n libraryTarget: 'commonjs2',\n clean: true,\n },\n optimization: {\n minimizer: [\n new TerserPlugin({\n terserOptions: {\n keep_classnames: true,\n keep_fnames: true,\n compress: {\n drop_console: true,\n drop_debugger: true,\n },\n },\n }),\n ],\n },\n plugins: [\n // Ignore optional dependencies that aren't needed in Lambda\n new IgnorePlugin({\n resourceRegExp: /^@nestjs\\/microservices$/,\n }),\n new IgnorePlugin({\n resourceRegExp: /^@nestjs\\/websockets$/,\n }),\n ],\n stats: {\n modules: true,\n warnings: false,\n },\n};\n```\n\n### esbuild Configuration\n\n```javascript\n// esbuild.config.js\nconst esbuild = require('esbuild');\nconst { nodeExternalsPlugin } = require('esbuild-node-externals');\n\nasync function build() {\n try {\n await esbuild.build({\n entryPoints: ['lambda.ts', 'worker.ts', 'scheduler.ts'],\n bundle: true,\n platform: 'node',\n target: 'node20',\n outdir: 'dist',\n minify: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',\n sourcemap: true,\n splitting: false,\n format: 'cjs',\n metafile: true,\n external: [\n '@nestjs/microservices',\n '@nestjs/websockets',\n 'class-transformer/storage',\n 'aws-sdk', // Provided by Lambda runtime\n ],\n define: {\n 'process.env.NODE_ENV': '\"production\"',\n },\n plugins: [\n nodeExternalsPlugin({\n allowList: ['@nestjs/core', '@nestjs/common', '@nestjs/platform-express'],\n }),\n ],\n });\n\n console.log('Build completed successfully');\n } catch (error) {\n console.error('Build failed:', error);\n process.exit(1);\n }\n}\n\nbuild();\n```\n\n### esbuild with Serverless\n\n```yaml\n# serverless.yml with esbuild\ncustom:\n esbuild:\n bundle: true\n minify: ${self:custom.isProduction}\n sourcemap: true\n target: node20\n platform: node\n format: cjs\n mainFields:\n - main\n - module\n external:\n - '@nestjs/microservices'\n - '@nestjs/websockets'\n - 'class-transformer/storage'\n - 'aws-sdk'\n keepNames: true\n splitting: false\n concurrency: 10\n packager: npm\n installExtraArgs:\n - '--legacy-peer-deps'\n # Exclude specific paths from bundling\n exclude:\n - './test/**'\n - './**/*.spec.ts'\n - './**/*.test.ts'\n```\n\n## Package Optimization\n\n### Dependencies to Exclude\n\n```json\n{\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"@nestjs/common\": \"^10.0.0\",\n \"@nestjs/core\": \"^10.0.0\",\n \"@nestjs/platform-express\": \"^10.0.0\",\n \"@codegenie/serverless-express\": \"^4.0.0\",\n \"aws-lambda\": \"^1.0.0\",\n \"express\": \"^4.18.0\",\n \"reflect-metadata\": \"^0.1.13\",\n \"rxjs\": \"^7.8.0\"\n },\n \"devDependencies\": {\n \"@nestjs/testing\": \"^10.0.0\",\n \"@types/aws-lambda\": \"^8.10.0\",\n \"@types/express\": \"^4.17.0\",\n \"@types/node\": \"^20.0.0\",\n \"esbuild\": \"^0.20.0\",\n \"serverless\": \"^3.0.0\",\n \"serverless-esbuild\": \"^1.0.0\",\n \"serverless-offline\": \"^13.0.0\",\n \"ts-loader\": \"^9.0.0\",\n \"typescript\": \"^5.0.0\",\n \"webpack\": \"^5.0.0\",\n \"webpack-node-externals\": \"^3.0.0\"\n }\n}\n```\n\n### SAM Package Configuration\n\n```yaml\n# template.yaml - package optimization\nGlobals:\n Function:\n CodeUri: ./\n Runtime: nodejs20.x\n Architectures:\n - x86_64\n # Exclude dev dependencies\n Environment:\n Variables:\n NODE_ENV: production\n\nResources:\n NestJSApiFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Metadata:\n BuildMethod: esbuild\n BuildProperties:\n Minify: true\n Target: es2020\n Sourcemap: true\n EntryPoints:\n - lambda.ts\n External:\n - '@nestjs/microservices'\n - '@nestjs/websockets'\n Properties:\n Handler: dist/lambda.handler\n```\n\n## Environment Management\n\n### SAM Environment Variables\n\n```yaml\n# Using parameter overrides\nParameters:\n Environment:\n Type: String\n Default: dev\n\n # Secure parameters\n DatabaseUrl:\n Type: String\n NoEcho: true\n\nResources:\n MyFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n Environment:\n Variables:\n STAGE: !Ref Environment\n DATABASE_URL: !Ref DatabaseUrl\n SECRET_VALUE: !Sub '{{resolve:secretsmanager:${MySecret}:SecretString:value}}'\n SSM_VALUE: !Sub '{{resolve:ssm-secure:/${Environment}/my-param}}'\n```\n\n### SSM Parameter Store\n\n```yaml\n# serverless.yml - SSM integration\nprovider:\n environment:\n # Standard parameters\n API_URL: ${ssm:/${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/api-url}\n\n # Secure parameters (encrypted)\n DATABASE_URL: ${ssm:/${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/database-url~true}\n\n # Reference by ARN\n EXTERNAL_API_KEY: ${ssm:arn:aws:ssm:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:parameter/external/api-key}\n\n iam:\n role:\n statements:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - ssm:GetParameter\n - ssm:GetParameters\n Resource:\n - arn:aws:ssm:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:parameter/${self:service}/*\n```\n\n### Secrets Manager\n\n```yaml\n# SAM with Secrets Manager\nResources:\n MySecret:\n Type: AWS::SecretsManager::Secret\n Properties:\n Name: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}/my-secret'\n GenerateSecretString:\n SecretStringTemplate: '{\"username\":\"admin\"}'\n GenerateStringKey: password\n PasswordLength: 32\n ExcludeCharacters: '\"@/\\'\n\n MyFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n Environment:\n Variables:\n DB_SECRET: !Sub '{{resolve:secretsmanager:${MySecret}:SecretString}}'\n```\n\n```yaml\n# Serverless with Secrets Manager\nprovider:\n environment:\n # Full secret JSON\n DB_SECRET: ${secrets:${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/database}\n\n # Specific key from secret\n DB_PASSWORD: ${secrets:${self:service}/${self:provider.stage}/database:password}\n\n iam:\n role:\n statements:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - secretsmanager:GetSecretValue\n Resource:\n - arn:aws:secretsmanager:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:secret:${self:service}/*\n```\n\n## Monitoring\n\n### SAM CloudWatch Dashboard\n\n```yaml\nResources:\n MonitoringDashboard:\n Type: AWS::CloudWatch::Dashboard\n Properties:\n DashboardName: !Sub '${AWS::StackName}-dashboard'\n DashboardBody: !Sub |\n {\n \"widgets\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"metric\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"title\": \"Invocations\",\n \"metrics\": [\n [\"AWS/Lambda\", \"Invocations\", \"FunctionName\", \"${NestJSApiFunction}\", { \"stat\": \"Sum\" }]\n ],\n \"period\": 300,\n \"region\": \"${AWS::Region}\",\n \"yAxis\": { \"left\": { \"min\": 0 } }\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"metric\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"title\": \"Errors\",\n \"metrics\": [\n [\"AWS/Lambda\", \"Errors\", \"FunctionName\", \"${NestJSApiFunction}\", { \"stat\": \"Sum\" }],\n [\".\", \"Throttles\", \".\", \".\", { \"stat\": \"Sum\" }]\n ],\n \"period\": 300,\n \"region\": \"${AWS::Region}\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"metric\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"title\": \"Duration\",\n \"metrics\": [\n [\"AWS/Lambda\", \"Duration\", \"FunctionName\", \"${NestJSApiFunction}\", { \"stat\": \"p99\" }],\n [\"...\", { \"stat\": \"Average\" }]\n ],\n \"period\": 300,\n \"region\": \"${AWS::Region}\"\n }\n }\n ]\n }\n```\n\n### Serverless CloudWatch Alarms\n\n```yaml\ncustom:\n alerts:\n stages:\n - prod\n - staging\n dashboards: true\n topics:\n alarm:\n - !Ref AlarmTopic\n ok:\n - !Ref OkTopic\n\n alarms:\n - functionErrors\n - functionThrottles\n - functionInvocations\n - functionDuration\n\n definitions:\n functionErrors:\n description: 'Function errors exceeded threshold'\n threshold: 1\n statistic: Sum\n period: 60\n evaluationPeriods: 1\n comparisonOperator: GreaterThanOrEqualToThreshold\n treatMissingData: notBreaching\n\n functionThrottles:\n description: 'Function throttled'\n threshold: 1\n statistic: Sum\n period: 60\n evaluationPeriods: 1\n comparisonOperator: GreaterThanOrEqualToThreshold\n\n functionDuration:\n description: 'Function duration exceeded threshold'\n threshold: 5000\n statistic: p99\n period: 60\n evaluationPeriods: 2\n comparisonOperator: GreaterThanThreshold\n\n customAlarm:\n description: 'Custom business metric'\n metric: CustomMetric\n namespace: MyNamespace\n threshold: 100\n statistic: Average\n period: 300\n evaluationPeriods: 1\n```\n\n### X-Ray Tracing\n\n```yaml\n# SAM - Enable tracing\nGlobals:\n Function:\n Tracing: Active\n\nResources:\n ApiGatewayApi:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Api\n Properties:\n TracingEnabled: true\n```\n\n```yaml\n# Serverless - Enable tracing\nprovider:\n tracing:\n lambda: true\n apiGateway: true\n```\n\n```typescript\n// X-Ray instrumentation\nimport * as AWSXRay from 'aws-xray-sdk-core';\nimport * as AWS from 'aws-sdk';\n\n// Capture AWS SDK calls\nconst tracedAWS = AWSXRay.captureAWS(AWS);\n\n// Capture HTTP requests\nimport http from 'http';\nimport https from 'https';\nAWSXRay.captureHTTPsGlobal(http);\nAWSXRay.captureHTTPsGlobal(https);\n\n// Custom subsegment\nconst segment = AWSXRay.getSegment();\nconst subsegment = segment?.addNewSubsegment('custom-operation');\ntry {\n // Your code\n subsegment?.close();\n} catch (error) {\n subsegment?.close(error);\n}\n```\n\n## Performance Tuning\n\n### Memory Configuration\n\n```yaml\n# SAM - Memory and CPU tuning\nResources:\n ApiFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n MemorySize: 512\n # Memory impacts CPU proportionally\n # 1769MB = 1 vCPU\n # 3008MB = ~1.7 vCPU\n\n ComputeIntensiveFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n MemorySize: 3008\n```\n\n```yaml\n# Serverless - Memory per function\nfunctions:\n api:\n memorySize: 512\n\n compute:\n memorySize: 1024\n\n health:\n memorySize: 256\n```\n\n### Provisioned Concurrency\n\n```yaml\n# SAM - Provisioned Concurrency\nResources:\n MyFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n ProvisionedConcurrencyConfig:\n ProvisionedConcurrentExecutions: 10\n AutoPublishAlias: live\n```\n\n```yaml\n# Serverless - Provisioned Concurrency\nfunctions:\n api:\n provisionedConcurrency: 10\n```\n\n### Reserved Concurrency\n\n```yaml\n# SAM - Reserved Concurrency\nResources:\n MyFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n ReservedConcurrentExecutions: 100\n```\n\n```yaml\n# Serverless - Reserved Concurrency\nfunctions:\n api:\n reservedConcurrency: 100\n```\n\n## Rollback Strategy\n\n### SAM Auto-Rollback\n\n```yaml\nResources:\n MyFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n AutoPublishAlias: live\n DeploymentPreference:\n Type: Canary10Percent5Minutes\n Alarms:\n - !Ref ErrorAlarm\n - !Ref LatencyAlarm\n Hooks:\n PreTraffic: !Ref PreTrafficHook\n PostTraffic: !Ref PostTrafficHook\n\n PreTrafficHook:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n Handler: hooks.preTraffic\n Runtime: nodejs20.x\n Policies:\n - Version: '2012-10-17'\n Statement:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - codedeploy:PutLifecycleEventHookExecutionStatus\n Resource:\n - !Sub 'arn:aws:codedeploy:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:deploymentgroup:${AWS::StackName}/*'\n\n PostTrafficHook:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n Handler: hooks.postTraffic\n Runtime: nodejs20.x\n Policies:\n - Version: '2012-10-17'\n Statement:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - codedeploy:PutLifecycleEventHookExecutionStatus\n Resource:\n - !Sub 'arn:aws:codedeploy:${aws:region}:${aws:accountId}:deploymentgroup:${AWS::StackName}/*'\n```\n\n### Serverless Canary\n\n```yaml\ncustom:\n canary:\n type: LinearCanary\n alias: Live\n linearTrafficShifting:\n - intervalMinutes: 10\n percentage: 10\n - intervalMinutes: 10\n percentage: 50\n - intervalMinutes: 10\n percentage: 100\n alarms:\n - functionErrors\n - functionDuration\n```\n\n## Security Best Practices\n\n### SAM VPC Configuration\n\n```yaml\nResources:\n MyFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n VpcConfig:\n SecurityGroupIds:\n - !Ref LambdaSecurityGroup\n SubnetIds:\n - !Ref PrivateSubnet1\n - !Ref PrivateSubnet2\n Policies:\n - VPCAccessPolicy: {}\n```\n\n### Serverless VPC\n\n```yaml\nprovider:\n vpc:\n securityGroupIds:\n - !Ref LambdaSecurityGroup\n subnetIds:\n - !Ref PrivateSubnet1\n - !Ref PrivateSubnet2\n```\n\n### IAM Least Privilege\n\n```yaml\n# SAM - Granular IAM\nResources:\n MyFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n Policies:\n - Version: '2012-10-17'\n Statement:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - dynamodb:GetItem\n - dynamodb:PutItem\n Resource:\n - !GetAtt MyTable.Arn\n Condition:\n ForAllValues:StringEquals:\n dynamodb:LeadingKeys:\n - 'USER#${cognito-identity.amazonaws.com:sub}'\n```\n\n```yaml\n# Serverless - Granular IAM\nprovider:\n iam:\n role:\n statements:\n - Effect: Allow\n Action:\n - dynamodb:GetItem\n - dynamodb:PutItem\n Resource:\n - !GetAtt MyTable.Arn\n Condition:\n ForAllValues:StringEquals:\n dynamodb:LeadingKeys:\n - 'USER#${cognito-identity.amazonaws.com:sub}'\n```\n\n## Cost Optimization\n\n### Graviton2 (ARM64)\n\n```yaml\n# SAM - ARM64\nGlobals:\n Function:\n Architectures:\n - arm64\n```\n\n```yaml\n# Serverless - ARM64\nprovider:\n architecture: arm64\n```\n\n### SAM Lambda Layers\n\n```yaml\nResources:\n CommonLayer:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::LayerVersion\n Properties:\n LayerName: common-dependencies\n ContentUri: layers/common/\n CompatibleRuntimes:\n - nodejs20.x\n RetentionPolicy: Retain\n\n MyFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n Layers:\n - !Ref CommonLayer\n```\n\n### Serverless Lambda Layers\n\n```yaml\nlayers:\n common:\n path: layers/common\n compatibleRuntimes:\n - nodejs20.x\n package:\n patterns:\n - 'node_modules/**'\n\nfunctions:\n api:\n layers:\n - { Ref: CommonLambdaLayer }\n```\n\n## SAM vs Serverless Framework\n\n| Feature | SAM | Serverless Framework |\n|---------|-----|---------------------|\n| Native AWS | Yes | No (uses CloudFormation) |\n| Local testing | `sam local` | `serverless-offline` |\n| CI/CD integration | AWS-native | Multi-cloud support |\n| Syntax | YAML/JSON | YAML/TypeScript/JavaScript |\n| Extensions | SAR, nested stacks | Plugins ecosystem |\n| Debugging | SAM CLI | Serverless console |\n\n### When to Choose SAM\n\n- Native AWS environment\n- Team familiar with CloudFormation\n- Need deep AWS service integration\n- Want to use AWS CodePipeline/CodeBuild\n\n### When to Choose Serverless Framework\n\n- Multi-cloud requirements\n- Large plugin ecosystem needed\n- Prefer TypeScript/JavaScript config\n- Want easier local development\n\n## Complete Example Project\n\n```\nnestjs-lambda-sam/\n├── src/\n│ ├── app.module.ts\n│ ├── main.ts\n│ ├── lambda.ts\n│ └── modules/\n│ └── users/\n├── dist/\n├── template.yaml\n├── samconfig.toml\n├── package.json\n└── tsconfig.json\n```\n\n```\nnestjs-lambda-serverless/\n├── src/\n│ ├── app.module.ts\n│ ├── main.ts\n│ ├── lambda.ts\n│ └── modules/\n│ └── users/\n├── dist/\n├── serverless.yml\n├── package.json\n└── tsconfig.json\n```\n","content_type":"text/markdown; charset=utf-8","language":"markdown","size":47505,"content_sha256":"5ae8bdfe2612dd052c12e5ed4408cc17653f8c42be3767f8de086726ca5dcee5"},{"filename":"references/testing.md","content":"# Testing Lambda Functions\n\nComplete guide for testing NestJS Lambda handlers including unit tests, integration tests, and mocking strategies.\n\n## Unit Tests for Handler\n\nTest the Lambda handler in isolation with mocked AWS Lambda context.\n\n```typescript\n// lambda.spec.ts\nimport { handler } from './lambda';\nimport { Context } from 'aws-lambda';\n\ndescribe('Lambda Handler', () => {\n const mockContext: Partial\u003cContext> = {\n functionName: 'test-function',\n memoryLimitInMB: '512',\n invokedFunctionArn: 'arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789:function:test',\n awsRequestId: 'test-request-id',\n };\n\n beforeEach(() => {\n // Reset cached server for cold start tests\n jest.resetModules();\n });\n\n it('should bootstrap on first invocation (cold start)', async () => {\n const event = {\n httpMethod: 'GET',\n path: '/api/health',\n headers: {},\n body: null,\n };\n\n const result = await handler(event, mockContext as Context, () => {});\n\n expect(result.statusCode).toBe(200);\n });\n\n it('should reuse instance on warm invocation', async () => {\n const event = {\n httpMethod: 'GET',\n path: '/api/health',\n headers: {},\n body: null,\n };\n\n // First invocation\n await handler(event, mockContext as Context, () => {});\n\n // Second invocation (should use cached server)\n const start = Date.now();\n const result = await handler(event, mockContext as Context, () => {});\n const duration = Date.now() - start;\n\n expect(result.statusCode).toBe(200);\n expect(duration).toBeLessThan(100); // Warm start should be fast\n });\n});\n```\n\n## Integration Test with serverless-offline\n\nTest the full request/response cycle using the serverless-offline plugin.\n\n```typescript\n// test/lambda.integration.spec.ts\ndescribe('Lambda Integration', () => {\n let server: any;\n\n beforeAll(async () => {\n // Bootstrap for local testing\n const { bootstrap } = await import('../lambda');\n server = await bootstrap();\n });\n\n afterAll(async () => {\n if (server) {\n // Cleanup\n }\n });\n\n it('should handle API Gateway events', async () => {\n const event = {\n httpMethod: 'POST',\n path: '/api/users',\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n body: JSON.stringify({ name: 'Test User' }),\n };\n\n const result = await server(event, {});\n\n expect(result.statusCode).toBe(201);\n expect(JSON.parse(result.body)).toHaveProperty('id');\n });\n});\n```\n\n## Mocking Strategies\n\n### Mock AWS Services\n\n```typescript\n// __mocks__/aws-sdk.ts\nexport const mockSend = jest.fn();\n\nexport const DynamoDBClient = jest.fn(() => ({\n send: mockSend,\n}));\n\nexport const GetItemCommand = jest.fn();\nexport const PutItemCommand = jest.fn();\n```\n\n### Mock NestJS Services\n\n```typescript\n// test/mocks/services.mock.ts\nexport const createMockUserService = () => ({\n findById: jest.fn(),\n create: jest.fn(),\n update: jest.fn(),\n delete: jest.fn(),\n});\n\n// In test\nconst mockUserService = createMockUserService();\nmockUserService.findById.mockResolvedValue({ id: '123', name: 'Test' });\n```\n\n### Mock Lambda Context\n\n```typescript\n// test/utils/lambda-context.ts\nimport { Context } from 'aws-lambda';\n\nexport function createMockContext(overrides?: Partial\u003cContext>): Context {\n return {\n awsRequestId: 'test-request-id',\n functionName: 'test-function',\n memoryLimitInMB: '512',\n invokedFunctionArn: 'arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:123456789:function:test',\n getRemainingTimeInMillis: () => 30000,\n done: () => {},\n fail: () => {},\n succeed: () => {},\n ...overrides,\n } as Context;\n}\n```\n\n## Best Practices for Testing\n\n1. **Reset module cache** between tests to test cold/warm start behavior\n2. **Mock external services** (DynamoDB, S3, etc.) to avoid real AWS calls\n3. **Test both cold and warm starts** to verify caching works correctly\n4. **Use realistic event payloads** matching API Gateway format\n5. **Measure timing** for warm invocations to detect performance regressions\n6. **Test error scenarios** including timeouts and service failures\n","content_type":"text/markdown; charset=utf-8","language":"markdown","size":4067,"content_sha256":"7e93cab47d4efecf2ffc1b3b68ac11d6b6d7f705b961acc3145a37ca09a42c79"}],"content_json":{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"content":[{"text":"AWS Lambda TypeScript Integration","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Patterns for creating high-performance AWS Lambda functions in TypeScript with optimized cold starts.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"text":"Overview","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Two approaches for TypeScript Lambda:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"ordered_list","attrs":{"order":1,"listStyle":"number"},"content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"NestJS Framework","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Dependency injection, modular architecture, larger bundle (100KB+)","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Raw TypeScript","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Minimal overhead, smaller bundle (\u003c50KB), maximum control","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Both support API Gateway and ALB integration.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"text":"When to Use","type":"text"}]},{"type":"bullet_list","content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Creating new Lambda functions in TypeScript","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Optimizing cold start performance","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Choosing between NestJS and minimal TypeScript","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Configuring API Gateway or ALB integration","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Setting up CI/CD for TypeScript Lambda","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"text":"Instructions","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"1. Choose Your Approach","type":"text"}]},{"type":"table","attrs":{"layout":null},"content":[{"type":"tr","content":[{"type":"th","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Approach","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"th","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Cold Start","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"th","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Bundle Size","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"th","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Best For","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"th","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Complexity","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"tr","content":[{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"NestJS","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"\u003c 500ms","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Larger (100KB+)","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Complex APIs, enterprise apps, DI needed","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Medium","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"tr","content":[{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Raw TypeScript","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"\u003c 100ms","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Smaller (\u003c 50KB)","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Simple handlers, microservices, minimal deps","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"td","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"alignment":""},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Low","type":"text"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"2. Project Structure","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"content":[{"text":"NestJS Structure","type":"text"}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":""},"content":[{"text":"my-nestjs-lambda/\n├── src/\n│ ├── app.module.ts\n│ ├── main.ts\n│ ├── lambda.ts # Lambda entry point\n│ └── modules/\n│ └── api/\n├── package.json\n├── tsconfig.json\n└── serverless.yml","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":4},"content":[{"text":"Raw TypeScript Structure","type":"text"}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":""},"content":[{"text":"my-ts-lambda/\n├── src/\n│ ├── handlers/\n│ │ └── api.handler.ts\n│ ├── services/\n│ └── utils/\n├── dist/ # Compiled output\n├── package.json\n├── tsconfig.json\n└── template.yaml","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"3. Implementation Examples","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"See the ","type":"text"},{"text":"References","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"#references","title":null}}]},{"text":" section for detailed implementation guides. Quick examples:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"NestJS Handler:","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":"typescript"},"content":[{"text":"// lambda.ts\nimport { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';\nimport { ExpressAdapter } from '@nestjs/platform-express';\nimport serverlessExpress from '@codegenie/serverless-express';\nimport { Context, Handler } from 'aws-lambda';\nimport express from 'express';\nimport { AppModule } from './src/app.module';\n\nlet cachedServer: Handler;\n\nasync function bootstrap(): Promise\u003cHandler> {\n const expressApp = express();\n const adapter = new ExpressAdapter(expressApp);\n const nestApp = await NestFactory.create(AppModule, adapter);\n await nestApp.init();\n return serverlessExpress({ app: expressApp });\n}\n\nexport const handler: Handler = async (event: any, context: Context) => {\n if (!cachedServer) {\n cachedServer = await bootstrap();\n }\n return cachedServer(event, context);\n};","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Raw TypeScript Handler:","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":"typescript"},"content":[{"text":"// src/handlers/api.handler.ts\nimport { APIGatewayProxyEvent, APIGatewayProxyResult, Context } from 'aws-lambda';\n\nexport const handler = async (\n event: APIGatewayProxyEvent,\n context: Context\n): Promise\u003cAPIGatewayProxyResult> => {\n return {\n statusCode: 200,\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n body: JSON.stringify({ message: 'Hello from TypeScript Lambda!' })\n };\n};","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"text":"Core Concepts","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Cold Start Optimization","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"TypeScript cold start depends on bundle size and initialization code. Key strategies:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"ordered_list","attrs":{"order":1,"listStyle":"number"},"content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Lazy Loading","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Defer heavy imports until needed","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Tree Shaking","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Remove unused code from bundle","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Minification","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Use esbuild or terser for smaller bundles","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Instance Caching","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Cache initialized services between invocations","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"See ","type":"text"},{"text":"Raw TypeScript Lambda","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"references/raw-typescript-lambda.md#cold-start-optimization","title":null}}]},{"text":" for detailed patterns.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Connection Management","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Create clients at module level and reuse:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":"typescript"},"content":[{"text":"// GOOD: Initialize once, reuse across invocations\nimport { DynamoDBClient } from '@aws-sdk/client-dynamodb';\n\nconst dynamoClient = new DynamoDBClient({ region: process.env.AWS_REGION });\n\nexport const handler = async (event: APIGatewayProxyEvent) => {\n // Use dynamoClient - already initialized\n};","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Environment Configuration","type":"text"}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":"typescript"},"content":[{"text":"// src/config/env.config.ts\nexport const env = {\n region: process.env.AWS_REGION || 'us-east-1',\n tableName: process.env.TABLE_NAME || '',\n debug: process.env.DEBUG === 'true',\n};\n\n// Validate required variables\nif (!env.tableName) {\n throw new Error('TABLE_NAME environment variable is required');\n}","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"text":"Best Practices","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Memory and Timeout Configuration","type":"text"}]},{"type":"bullet_list","content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Memory","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": Start with 512MB for NestJS, 256MB for raw TypeScript","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Timeout","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": Set based on cold start + expected processing time","type":"text"}]},{"type":"bullet_list","content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"NestJS: 10-30 seconds for cold start buffer","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Raw TypeScript: 3-10 seconds typically sufficient","type":"text"}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Dependencies","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Keep ","type":"text"},{"text":"package.json","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code_inline"}]},{"text":" minimal:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":"json"},"content":[{"text":"{\n \"dependencies\": {\n \"aws-lambda\": \"^3.1.0\",\n \"@aws-sdk/client-dynamodb\": \"^3.450.0\"\n },\n \"devDependencies\": {\n \"typescript\": \"^5.3.0\",\n \"esbuild\": \"^0.19.0\"\n }\n}","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Error Handling","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Return proper HTTP codes with structured errors:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":"typescript"},"content":[{"text":"export const handler = async (event: APIGatewayProxyEvent): Promise\u003cAPIGatewayProxyResult> => {\n try {\n const result = await processEvent(event);\n return {\n statusCode: 200,\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n body: JSON.stringify(result)\n };\n } catch (error) {\n console.error('Error processing request:', error);\n return {\n statusCode: 500,\n headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },\n body: JSON.stringify({ error: 'Internal server error' })\n };\n }\n};","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Logging","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Use structured logging for CloudWatch Insights:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":"typescript"},"content":[{"text":"const log = (level: string, message: string, meta?: object) => {\n console.log(JSON.stringify({\n level,\n message,\n timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),\n ...meta\n }));\n};\n\nlog('info', 'Request processed', { requestId: context.awsRequestId });","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"text":"Deployment Options","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Quick Start","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Serverless Framework:","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":"yaml"},"content":[{"text":"service: my-typescript-api\n\nprovider:\n name: aws\n runtime: nodejs20.x\n\nfunctions:\n api:\n handler: dist/handler.handler\n events:\n - http:\n path: /{proxy+}\n method: ANY","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"AWS SAM:","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"code_block","attrs":{"wrap":false,"language":"yaml"},"content":[{"text":"AWSTemplateFormatVersion: '2010-09-09'\nTransform: AWS::Serverless-2016-10-31\n\nResources:\n ApiFunction:\n Type: AWS::Serverless::Function\n Properties:\n CodeUri: dist/\n Handler: handler.handler\n Runtime: nodejs20.x\n Events:\n ApiEvent:\n Type: Api\n Properties:\n Path: /{proxy+}\n Method: ANY","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Deployment Validation","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Pre-deploy checks:","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"ordered_list","attrs":{"order":1,"listStyle":"number"},"content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Run ","type":"text"},{"text":"npm test","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code_inline"}]},{"text":" - verify all tests pass","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Run ","type":"text"},{"text":"npm run build","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code_inline"}]},{"text":" - confirm TypeScript compiles without errors","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Verify bundle size \u003c 50MB (unzipped)","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Run ","type":"text"},{"text":"serverless invoke local","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code_inline"}]},{"text":" or ","type":"text"},{"text":"sam local invoke","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code_inline"}]},{"text":" - test locally","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Post-deploy verification:","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"ordered_list","attrs":{"order":1,"listStyle":"number"},"content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Run ","type":"text"},{"text":"serverless invoke","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code_inline"}]},{"text":" or ","type":"text"},{"text":"aws lambda invoke","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code_inline"}]},{"text":" - verify handler executes","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Test API endpoint via curl or Postman","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Check CloudWatch logs for errors","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Verify cold start time meets SLA","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"For complete deployment configurations including CI/CD, see ","type":"text"},{"text":"Serverless Deployment","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"references/serverless-deployment.md","title":null}}]},{"text":".","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"text":"Constraints and Warnings","type":"text"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Lambda Limits","type":"text"}]},{"type":"bullet_list","content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Deployment package","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": 250MB unzipped maximum (50MB zipped)","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Memory","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": 128MB to 10GB","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Timeout","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": 15 minutes maximum","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Concurrent executions","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": 1000 default (adjustable)","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Environment variables","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": 4KB total size","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"TypeScript-Specific Considerations","type":"text"}]},{"type":"bullet_list","content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Bundle size","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": TypeScript compiles to JavaScript; use bundlers to minimize size","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Cold start","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": Node.js 20.x offers best performance","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Dependencies","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": Use Lambda Layers for shared dependencies","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Native modules","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": Must be compiled for Amazon Linux 2","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Common Pitfalls","type":"text"}]},{"type":"ordered_list","attrs":{"order":1,"listStyle":"number"},"content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Importing heavy libraries at module level","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Defer to lazy loading if not always needed","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Not bundling dependencies","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Include all production dependencies in the package","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Missing type definitions","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Install ","type":"text"},{"text":"@types/aws-lambda","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code_inline"}]},{"text":" for proper event typing","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"No timeout handling","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - Use ","type":"text"},{"text":"context.getRemainingTimeInMillis()","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code_inline"}]},{"text":" for long operations","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Security Considerations","type":"text"}]},{"type":"bullet_list","content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Never hardcode credentials; use IAM roles and environment variables","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Input Validation for Event Data","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": All incoming event data (API Gateway request bodies, S3 event objects, SQS message bodies) is untrusted external content; always validate and sanitize before processing to prevent injection attacks","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Content Sanitization","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": When processing S3 objects or SQS message payloads, treat the content as untrusted third-party data; apply appropriate validation, schema checks, and sanitization before acting on it","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Validate all input data","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Use least privilege IAM policies","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Enable CloudTrail for audit logging","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Sanitize logs to avoid leaking sensitive data","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"text":"References","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"For detailed guidance on specific topics:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"bullet_list","content":[{"type":"list_item","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"NestJS Lambda","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"references/nestjs-lambda.md","title":null}},{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" - 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Important: agents should read /llm.txt, /llms.txt, or /.well-known/skills.json to discover the public Skillopedia API.