BitVM BitVM is a paradigm for off-chain computation with on-chain verification challenges on Bitcoin. Allows arbitrary programs to be verified via fraud proofs in Bitcoin script — without OP CTV, OP CAT, or other unactivated opcodes. Original paper: Robin Linus, 2023. Refined versions: BitVM, BitVM2, BitVM3. Core idea If prover can't respond honestly, verifier wins funds (Prover's bond is slashed). BitVM (original) Single prover-verifier pair. Setup is heavy (lots of pre-committed hashes); single use per setup. BitVM2 - Multi-prover : multiple challengers can dispute. - Permissionless verific…