Causal Inference Overview Causal inference determines cause-and-effect relationships and estimates treatment effects, going beyond correlation to understand what causes what. When to Use - Evaluating the impact of policy interventions or business decisions - Estimating treatment effects when randomized experiments aren't feasible - Controlling for confounding variables in observational data - Determining if a marketing campaign or product change caused an outcome - Analyzing heterogeneous treatment effects across different user segments - Making causal claims from non-experimental data using…