Core Principle Good thinking is an active achievement, not a default state. Operations without orientation produce sophisticated wrong answers; orientation without operations produces good intentions with no traction. Two structurally different things must work together: operations (cognitive verbs that transform representations) and orientations (what the operations are in service of). Every thinking failure can be located as an operation failing, an orientation captured, or — most commonly and most dangerously — operations functioning well in service of the wrong orientation. The orientatio…