GraphQL Design Schema Design Use Relay-style connections for pagination. Return payload types from mutations with both result and errors. Resolvers DataLoader for N+1 Prevention Create new DataLoader instances per request to avoid stale cache across users. Subscriptions Anti-Patterns - Exposing database schema directly as GraphQL schema - Resolving nested fields without DataLoader (causes N+1 queries) - Using offset-based pagination instead of cursor-based for large datasets - Throwing raw errors from resolvers instead of returning typed error payloads - Creating a single monolithic schema fi…