PromQL Query Patterns PromQL is a functional query language for time series data. Every query returns either an instant vector (one value per label set at a point in time), a range vector (a sliding window of samples), or a scalar . Golden rule: and always require a range vector. The range must be at least 4x the scrape interval to avoid gaps. For a 60s scrape interval, use minimum. --- Rate and counter queries Rate (per-second average over a window): Rate with label aggregation — "sum then rate" is wrong, always rate then sum: Increase (total count over a window, not per-second): irate vs ra…