Shapely - Planar Geometry Shapely is the engine behind GeoPandas and many other GIS tools. It focuses on the geometry itself: calculating intersections, unions, distances, and checking spatial relationships (like "is this point inside this polygon?"). When to Use - Precise manipulation of 2D geometric shapes. - Performing set-theoretic operations (Intersection, Union, Difference). - Checking spatial predicates (Contains, Within, Intersects, Touches). - Cleaning and validating "dirty" geometry (fixing self-intersections). - Calculating geometric properties (Area, Length, Centroid, Bounds). - G…